Adjuvant nanoformulations for tuberculosis vaccine delivery

Abstract

Abstract Vaccination is one of the most efficient methods in preventing diseases, and constant innovation in developing new and efficient vaccines is necessary. Adjuvants are components added or conjugated along with the vaccine to enhance the efficiency of the vaccine by improving antigen transport and antigen presentation as well as providing long-lasting immunity, especially in subunit, conjugated, and DNA vaccines. Therefore, adjuvant discovery and formulations are essential parts of vaccine development. Even though inactive and live attenuated vaccines are still widely used and a reliable vaccination approach, polysaccharide-toxoid conjugated vaccines and subunit vaccines also play a pivotal role in eliminating several infectious diseases. A balanced Th1 and Th17 immune response is essential to provide protection against M. tuberculosis infection; that might be achieved through appropriate TLR signaling. Different adjutants can stimulate different inflammatory responses and cytokine production by interacting with various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as NODs, TLRs, RIG-1, etc. Due to the emergence of new diseases, reemerging diseases, and drug-resistant infections such as tuberculosis, the discovery of new vaccine candidates and adjuvants/adjuvant formulations is necessary. CAF01, AS01E, IC31, and GLA‐SE and biomaterial adjuvants in the micro- and nanoscale such as dextran, chitosan, delta inulin, and PLGA are a few notable adjuvants in TB vaccine clinical trials. Nevertheless, a complete understanding of the signaling pathways regarding adjuvants and immune system interaction, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and toxicity of the adjuvants is needed.