Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for biosensing

Abstract

Abstract The rapid spread of cancers, viruses, and infections has led to a great challenge in human health. Accurate and timely diagnosis and treatment of these diseases is difficult, particularly early detection, clinical diagnosis, and early-stage treatment. The development of rapid and simple methods for high-sensitivity diagnosis is of great importance in clinical trial studies. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique can be used to detect even the slightest change that occurs at the solution-electrode interface arising from virus activity. EIS is for uses such as material description and binding supervision. This technique has attracted attention due to its fast response, low detection limit (LOD), and low cost, and also for its use in real-time monitoring of samples instead of more traditional methods such as ELISA. One of the most important and practical advantages of impedimetric methods is that no enzymatic labels are needed to detect the samples. EIS is also a well-known technique for investigating the electrical properties of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials combined with electrochemical biosensors (impediometric biosensors) are new options for diagnosing diseases. The EIS method has been used to monitor the fabrication process of these biosensors and to identify the analytes at the electrode surface. Labeled electrochemical impedance sensors have been increasingly studied for clinical diagnosis, due to their inherent advantages, such as being an unlabeled method, simple operation, high sensitivity, short analysis time, downsizing, and automation potential. In fact, the EIS technique can monitor the behavior of the surface electrode by applying sinusoidal potential and recording the current with the lowest harmful effect on the surface or polarization effects. It is worth noting that, in the case of biological interactions, the small amplitude perturbation does not show any negative effects. In this chapter, the applications of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique in detecting different diseases are reviewed and summarized.