Stress and opioid use disorder: A systematic review.

Abstract

Medication assisted treatment (MAT) is highly effective in reducing illicit opioid use and preventing overdose in individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD); however, treatment retention of patients engaged in MAT is a significant clinical concern. The experience of stress may contribute to a decision to drop out of treatment. The current study is a systematic review conducted across multiple databases of empirical studies on primary appraisal of stress and its relationship to opioid craving, opioid use, and OUD treatment outcomes. Primary appraisal of stress is defined as an explicit inquiry into individual perception of feeling stressed using a self-report measure administered in laboratory, clinical, or naturalistic environment. A total of 21 included studies were organized into three categories: observed stress, experimentally-induced stress, and stress-focused interventions. Appraised stress was generally associated with greater craving, but associations with opioid use and treatment retention were mixed. All but one study included MAT samples and every study sample included some form of drug counseling. These findings suggest that individuals experience considerable stress in spite of receiving standard treatment for OUD. Psychopharmacological interventions targeting stress were promising, but no behavioral interventions specific to stress management were found. The preliminary results with clonidine and lofexidine targeting stress in individuals with OUD warrant further studies. To better understand the impact of stress in OUD, future research should consider using repeated assessment of stress in the context of daily life. Utilization of behavioral treatments specifically targeting stress could have benefits in improving OUD outcomes.