Quantifying the impact of cropland wind erosion on air quality: A high-resolution modeling case study of an Arizona dust storm

Abstract

Abstract Dust storms fueled by wind erosion of desert and cropland soils in south-central Arizona have caused numerous highway accidents and health risks by creating hazardous air quality conditions. Despite much speculation that a major fraction of windblown dust during these storms originates at an active or abandoned cropland surface over the region, its quantification is largely missing in the literature. This study estimated the contribution of cropland wind erosion to the regional air quality degradation, in terms of concentration of particulate matter with diameter 10 μm and smaller (PM10), during a typical springtime dust storm, by conducting high-resolution (1 km horizontally) simulations utilizing the Weather Research and Forecasting- FENGSHA (a dust emission model)-Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-FENGSHA-CMAQ) modeling framework. The dust model for this study employed up-to-date and very high-resolution data on land use, soil texture, and vegetation index. The modeling system used in this study simulated reasonably well a regional dust storm (that raised concerns for air quality and highway safety) of 08–09 April 2013 compared against ground (station) observations of PM10 and satellite observations of dust optical depth and vertical structure of aerosol subtypes. The model evaluations also included the use of radar observations. Furthermore, the model results from this study indicated that the cropland wind erosion contributed about 55 % and 51 % of total PM10 over the Phoenix area (33.35°N–33.85°N, 112.36°W–111.485°W) and the western Pinal County region (32.50°N–33.35°N, 112.2°W–111.2°W), respectively, during this dust storm. The large contributions suggest that the inclusion and accurate representation of cropland dust sources are crucial in preparing emission inventories and in air quality modeling in this region. This representation is particularly important in view of the projected future aridity over this region (which is already under a long-term drought), which may lead to fallowing of currently active farmlands, making them potential hotspots of dust emission. The modeling approach developed for this work can be used to carry out more comprehensive studies, over extended spatial and temporal extents, to identify the sources of windblown dust and quantify their climatological dust emission potentials for this region or elsewhere. Such studies are highly desirable to help decision-making processes to reduce windblown dust and the associated health and safety risks.