Organic facies and hydrocarbon potential of the early-middle Albian Kharita Formation in the Abu Gharadig Basin, Egypt, as demonstrated by palynology, organic petrology, and geochemistry

Abstract

Abstract During the past decades, exploration activities carried out in the Western Desert of Egypt by several oil companies revealed the oversimplified approach to the study of sedimentary basins in this region. The current study evaluates and discusses the palynology and palynofacies of the clastic succession of the Kharita Formation (Albian) in one of the most petroliferous, deep seated, fault controlled basins in the Western Desert of Egypt, the Abu Gharadig Basin. Although the focus is on the palynofacies association, the hydrocarbon potential of the Kharita Formation will also be addressed by means of organic petrology and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Marine Cretaceous source rocks have generated substantial quantities of oil and gas in the Abu Gharadig rift Basin. Moreover, Abu Gharadig Basin is characterized by containing not only oil/gas generating source rocks but also reservoir rocks with appreciable porosities and permeabilities. Palynological, TOC/Rock-Eval pyrolysis, and vitrinite reflectance (VRo%) data from 26 cuttings samples recovered from the Kharita Formation in the BED 2-1× well, are presented. The palynological age dating (AL-2 Palynozone) confirmed early to middle Albian age based on the first downhole appearance of the marker Concavisimisporites punctatus. The optical and visual characterization of the palynofacies associations showed two distinct palynofacies associations that alternated with each other. Kerogen type III to III/II was recorded based on the dominance of phytoclasts and opaque organics. Some intervals showed a slight dominance of amorphous organic matter (AOM). Thermal Alteration Index (TAI) values of 2+/3-measured on the psilate trilete spores, in combination with vitrinite reflectance (VRo) values in the range from 0.51 to 0.62%, and the yellow to dull-yellow colors of the liptinite macerals exhibited under UV light excitation indicate immature to the early stage of the oil window. Tmax values from Rock-Eval pyrolysis range from 426 to 438\u202f°C also confirm the low maturity of the organic matter. Thin coal stringers were recorded within the Kharita Formation having slightly higher VRo,ran values (0.64 to 0.76%), which is possibly the result of differences in mineral matrix variations within the Kharita Formation. Based on the low TOC (avg. 0.71\u202fwt%), S2 (avg. 0.97\u202fmg HC/g rock), and HI (avg. 149\u202fmg HC/g TOC) values from pyrolysis, the hydrocarbon potential of the Kharita Formation in the studied well is considered to be low.