Clinical psychology review | 2021
Internalization process of stigma of people with mental illness across cultures: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach.
Abstract
This meta-analytic study synthesized findings from 108 independent data sets across 22 cultures to investigate whether the stigma internalization model (the internalization of experienced stigma and perceived stigma to self-stigma) is associated with well-being and recovery of people with mental illness. We also examined the moderating role of collectivism in the internalization process. Results of the meta-analytic structural equation modeling suggested that self-stigma is a significant mediator in the relationships between experienced stigma and perceived stigma with well-being and recovery variables (indirect effects\u202f=\u202f0.02 to -0.16). Experienced and perceived stigma had significant direct effects on well-being and recovery variables (Bs\u202f=\u202f0.07 to -0.21, p\u202f<\u202f0.05), suggesting that both external (e.g., public stigma) and internal (i.e., self-stigma) influences of stigma work concurrently to affect recovery and well-being of people with mental illness. The results of the mixed effect three-level meta-analytic models showed that collectivism significantly moderated the relationship between experienced and perceived stigma with self-stigma (Bs\u202f=\u202f0.06 to 0.11, p\u202f<\u202f0.05). This implied that the more collectivistic a culture is, the stronger the correlation between experienced and perceived stigma with self-stigma. Implications to stigma reduction approaches were discussed.