Form drag coefficient quantification on rising bubbles using particle image velocimetry

Abstract

Abstract Two-phase flow transport heavily depends on the generalized interfacial drag force term in the two-fluid model. The impact of accurate design and prediction associated with thermal energy systems is highly sensitive to multi-phase heat transfer characteristics. Because of this, the interfacial drag force has been studied with rigor for some time. The steady state drag force component in particular has been well characterized for rising single bubbles but has not been previously experimentally separated into its skin and form drag components. Historically, experimental studies were unable to measure the pressure distribution around a bubble to determine the form drag force along the bubble interface. This paper presents the outcomes of an experimental study wherein a new experimental method was developed which, for the first time, separates the form and skin drag coefficients on rising bubbles. Eleven air bubbles sizes representing spheroidal, ellipsoidal, and transition to spherical cap regimes (102