Regeneration and succession: A 50-year gap dynamic in temperate secondary forests, Northeast China

Abstract

Abstract Forest gaps are essential small-scale disturbances in forest succession. However, little attention has been paid to the long-term effects of gap dynamics on woody species regeneration and succession. We selected 20 medium and 25 large gaps representing a range of age classes (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50\xa0years) from remote-sensing images obtained in 1964, 1976, 1986, 1993, 2003, and 2014 to examine long-term gap regeneration processes in a secondary forest in Northeast China. We conducted field surveys to determine the regeneration status, density index (DI), and richness index (RI) of selected gaps. The importance value (IV) of each woody species was calculated, and all species were classified by shade tolerance. The results showed that in gaps of 0–10\xa0years, the DI and RI were mainly dominated by shade-intolerant species in large gaps and intermediate species in medium gaps. When gap age increased to 10–20\xa0years, the greatest RI was observed in large gaps due to an increase in intermediate species, and the dominant species (IV\xa0>\xa00.1) changed from shrubs to trees (Acer mono). The DI and RI decreased over time in medium gaps, but A. mono remained the dominant species in these gaps. By 20–30\xa0years after gap formation, large gaps showed decreased DI and RI, associated with the exclusion of shade-intolerant and intermediate species, and Tilia amurensis joined the dominant species class. In medium gaps, a decrease in DI was associated with self-thinning among intermediate shade-tolerant species. Once gap age exceeded 30\xa0years, the DI, RI, and dominant species became stable in both large and medium gaps. Our findings indicated that natural gaps can improve the regeneration of late-successional species in secondary forests, especially at the first 30\xa0years. However, there was a barrier in succession of the secondary forests to climax forests relying on natural gap regeneration due to the absence of key species such as Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.). These results can provide a significant reference for close-to-nature management of temperate secondary forests in practice.