The rodents from Santpedor-2 (Ebro Basin, NE Spain) confirm the Oligocene age of the latest primates from the Paleogene of Europe

Abstract

Abstract This paper provides a revised and updated description and identification of the rodents from Santpedor-2 (northeastern Spain). The age of this locality is particularly relevant, because it is one of the few European sites assigned to the early Oligocene that has yielded primate remains. However, the rodent assemblage from this site has never been described in detail, and therefore the Oligocene age of this locality remained tentative. Despite the scarcity of the material, the rodents from Santpedor-2 are characteristic enough either to be identified as already known species, or at least compared with close species. Eight different rodent taxa were recognized. Among them, the theridomyid Ectropomys exiguus, which is recorded only in late Eocene localities, and the glirid Glamys devoogdi, which is known in both latest Eocene and early Oligocene localities. The other taxa are found only in Oligocene localities, and consist of the theridomyid Paratheridomys margaritae and members of two families that arrived in Europe at the beginning of the Oligocene: eomyids (Eomys sp.) and cricetids (Eucricetodon atavus, cf. Heterocricetodon sp., cf. Pseudocricetodon sp.). Finally, another theridomyid (Issiodoromyinae) seems to correspond to a new species and new genus, the main features of which correspond to early Oligocene evolutionary grades. This rodent assemblage from Santpedor-2 is assigned to the early Oligocene, mainly on the basis of the presence of immigrant rodents that reached Europe in relation with the Grande Coupure (cricetids and eomyids). This dating is notably supported by the presence of P.\xa0margaritae together with Glamys devoogdi, both being found in Hoogbutsel (early Rupelian, MP21). Only one rodent (E.\xa0exiguus) represents an Eocene relict, as is the case of Pseudoloris, the only primate recorded in this locality. Therefore, this study supports the Oligocene age of Santpedor-2 and then the persistence of omomyid primates in the Iberian Peninsula (at least locally) after the Grande Coupure.