An examination of mobile phone pointing in surface mapped spatial augmented reality

Abstract

Abstract We investigate mobile phone pointing in Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR), where digital content is mapped onto the surfaces of a real physical environment. Three pointing techniques are compared: raycast, viewport, and direct. A first experiment examines these techniques in a realistic five-projector SAR environment with representative targets distributed across different surfaces. Participants were permitted free movement, so variations in target occlusion and target view angle occurred naturally. A second experiment validates and further generalizes findings by strictly controlling target occlusion and view angle in a simulated SAR pointing task using an AR HMD. Overall, results show raycast is fastest for non-occluded targets, direct is most accurate, and fastest for occluded targets in close proximity, and viewport falls in between. Using the experiment data, we formulate and evaluate a new Fitts’ model combining two spatial configurations in a SAR pointing task to capture key characteristics, initial target occlusion, target view angle, and user movement. Analysis shows it is a better predictor than previous models.