κ-Carrageenan hexamer have significant anti-inflammatory activity and protect RAW264.7 Macrophages by inhibiting CD14

Abstract

Abstract κ-Carrageenan hexamer (KCH, α-DA-1\u202f→\u202f3-β-G4S-1\u202f→\u202f4-α-DA-1\u202f→\u202f3-β-G4S-1\u202f→\u202f4-α-DA-1\u202f→\u202f3-G4Srα/β) are negatively charged sulfated oligosaccharides that demonstrate broad-spectrum immunoregulatory activities. However, the functional mechanism and interaction sites of KCH with recognition proteins have not been elucidated. The study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory signaling pathways and expound the mechanism of KCH competing with LPS in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Expression of cytokines (NO, TNF-α, IL-β, IL-8), genes (mTNF-α, mIL-β, mIL-8) and proteins (iNOS, COX-2) involved in inflammation were significantly suppressed (p