Evolution mechanisms of irradiation-induced helium bubbles, C15 clusters and dislocation loops in ferrite/martensite steels: A cluster dynamics modeling study

Abstract

Abstract Using a cluster dynamics model, we studied the evolution of helium bubbles, C15 clusters and dislocation loops produced by Fe3+/He+ dual ion beam irradiation in reduced activation ferrite/martensite Eurofer97 steels. The model reasonably reproduced size distributions of experimentally detected helium bubbles and dislocation loops. We show that bubble evolution upon irradiation was governed by three phases in sequence: bubble nucleation dominated phase controlled by irradiation cascade, bubble nucleation and growth phase, and bubble growth dominated phase. As a first attempt, the model considers the formation of widely reported C15 clusters and develops a scheme for C15 clusters transformation into loops. We show that the loop growth driven by long-term defect migration follows a power law f(n) ∼ a/nS. The increase of irradiation temperature from 603 K to 673 K promoted the growth of C15 clusters resulting in pronounced loop evolution. While at 773 K, the high flux of vacancies and low fluxes of single, di- and tri-interstitials suppressed loop nucleation and growth, leading to no loop formation confirmed by experiment. The effectiveness of the model developed in this study demonstrates its potential to be used in similar irradiation cases.