Nitrate and nitrite absorption, recycling and retention in tissues of sheep

Abstract

Abstract Dietary nitrate is of increasing interest both for the pharmacological effects of its metabolites as well as its capacity to inhibit methanogenesis in the gut. A sequence of three experiments was conducted to investigate the absorption, metabolism and excretion of nitrate and nitrite through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of sheep, and to determine the fate of nitrate and nitrite in body fluids, tissues and faeces after intravenous dosing with 15N-labeled potassium nitrate (K15NO3) and with 15N-labeled sodium nitrite (Na15NO2). In Experiment 1, twelve female Merino sheep were assigned to one of two dietary treatments and adapted to the experimental diet over two weeks. Six sheep were fed a control diet of wheaten chaff mixture (600\u2009g wheaten chaff plus 200\u2009g wheat grain, CON) and six sheep were fed the CON diet with the inclusion of 18\u2009g nitrate/kg DM (Nitrate). After acclimation to the diets, all sheep received a single intravenous dose of K15NO3 and were placed in metabolic cages for daily collection of total faeces and urine over 6 days. Experiment 2 studied movement of an intravenous dose of 15N in body fluids and tissues. Two sheep not adapted to dietary nitrate were dosed intravenously with K15NO3 or Na15NO2 and body fluids and tissue samples were collected 60\u2009min after dosing. Finally, Experiment 3 was conducted to identify and quantify the major sites of nitrate and nitrite transfer within the body, focusing on absorption, partitioning and secretion into the GIT of anaesthetised sheep. A single dose of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) or sodium nitrite (NaNO2) was introduced into the rumen or abomasum or small intestine, and changes in nitrate and nitrite concentrations in other pools, including plasma, urine and saliva, were determined. Results from Experiment 1 showed that urinary recovery of 15N dose in urea after 46\u2009h and total urinary recovery of 15N 141\u2009h after dosing were greater in sheep fed the Nitrate diet relative to CON (P