Benefits of tree nut consumption on aging and age-related diseases: Mechanisms of actions

Abstract

Abstract Background In the quest for a healthier and longer life, nutrition plays a key role. Tree nuts have a complex, health-promoting phytochemical profile, including proteins, mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, and the consumption of this food group can postpone aging and inhibit many age-related diseases. Scope and approach In this review we focus on the biologically active compounds from tree nuts and the mechanisms of actions their intake have on delaying aging and prevent diseases linked with aging. Key findings and conclusions Scientific findings recommend the inclusion of tree nuts into the diet of mature adults. The consumption of tree nuts can mitigate the pro-inflammatory effects of Western diets and diminish the inflammation by decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and inflammatory molecules. Tree nuts modulate the Nrf2/EpRE and NF-κB signaling pathways, present cytoprotection, stimulate antioxidant and detox enzyme systems, and reduce inflammatory conditions. Similarly to calorie restriction, tree nuts positively affect the same specific cell signaling pathways: down-regulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR and insulin/IGF-1, prevent mitochondrial dysfunctions, promote mitochondrial biogenesis and energy homeostasis. Tree nut intake can hinder the installation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype and have a senolytic capacity. Through the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, they are potentially anti-tumoral. By inhibiting mTOR signaling pathways, but also via epigenetic mechanisms, such as obstructing DNA methylation or histone and microARN modulation, nuts act as carcinogenesis inhibitors. Consumption of tree nuts can positively influence many risk factors associated with chronic diseases related to aging, improve and extend healthspan and lifespan.