Trends, topics, and lessons learnt from real case studies using mesoscale atmospheric models for urban climate applications in 2000–2019

Abstract

Abstract Researchers have made immense progress in understanding the urban-induced microclimate by numerical modelling. It has been around two decades since urban canopy models now commonly employed in mesoscale atmospheric models for operational and applied research purposes have emerged. To drive further advancement, it is timely to conduct a review of the state-of-the-art and lessons learnt from the relevant literature. In this paper, 102 urban climate real case modelling studies published in 2000–2019 are reviewed. Patterns and preferences in their study locations, periods, model choices, land cover databases, topics discussed, and scenarios investigated are holistically examined. There is an evident improvement in model complexity and urban surface data precision during the period reviewed. Most studies focus on the urban thermal climate and effects of urbanization. Based on the research gaps identified, more work is needed on the currently underrepresented but vulnerable cities in developing countries with tropical, arid, and cold climates. Collaborative field campaigns, initiatives to characterize cities in a consistent manner, and multi-scale modelling approaches have proven to benefit the progress in urban climate studies and should therefore be encouraged. More importantly, efforts should be invested in translating the science into information relevant to human well-being, urban planning, and policymaking.