Application of PRO process for seawater and wastewater treatment: assessment of membrane performance

Abstract

Abstract This chapter aims to delve into numerical analysis relevant to membrane performance in the pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) process. The derived models for flat sheet membranes are systematically compared to those of hollow-fiber membranes. An overview of recent trends in the development of different PRO membranes and their performances in independent and hybrid systems is extensively discussed. Lastly, the main requirements and research directions to promote the feasibility of the PRO process are outlined.