Bisoprolol: A comprehensive profile.

Abstract

The present study describes a comprehensive profile of Bisoprolol including detailed nomenclature; formulae, elemental analysis, appearance, its uses, applications, and methods for the preparation are outlined. The profile contains physicochemical properties of Bisoprolol including pKa value, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction, and methods of analysis (including compendial, electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis). The study also covers thermal analysis such as differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry of Bisoprolol. Which gives a brief idea of melting point, glass transition as well as differentiation between anhydrous and hydrated forms. In addition to these functional groups and structural confirmation of bisoprolol also presented with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. The mass fragmentation pattern of bisoprolol fumarate was reported using the electrospray ionization technique. Some recently reported methods for pharmacokinetic analysis of bisoprolol using high-performance liquid chromatography as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were also included in the study.