Plasmapheresis as an Early Treatment for Severe Hypertriglyceridemia, Acute Pancreatitis, and Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Abstract

Objective Severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG; plasma triglycerides >1000 mg/dL) is a rare but serious complication in children who develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) from uncontrolled or new-onset type 1 diabetes. Methods We present the case of a severely malnourished 16-year-old with a 10-month history of presumed type 2 diabetes managed with lifestyle modifications and metformin, who presented with SHTG, acute pancreatitis, and DKA. On examination, there was no evidence of lipemia retinalis, cutaneous xanthomas, or xanthelasma. He was initially treated with an insulin infusion and intravenous fluids. Despite this treatment, his pancreatitis symptoms worseneed and lipase level increased, necessitating 2 courses of plasmapheresis that immediately resolved his symptoms and dramatically improved his clinical status. He was discharged on hospital day 5. During his hospital admission, islet cell antigen 512, insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, and zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies were positive in the presence of insulinopenia, consistent with type 1 diabetes. Results Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia did not recur during follow-up, suggesting that the underlying mechanism for SHTG was insulin deficiency. Conclusion This report of SHTG, DKA, and pancreatitis in an adolescent highlights the safe, early initiation of plasmapheresis as an effective treatment. To our knowledge, plasmapheresis has rarely been used so early in the course of treatment for an adolescent with SHTG, DKA, and acute pancreatitis.