Activity of the Toll-like receptor ligands in children with high and low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Abstract

BACKGROUND\nAdjuvants are essential in the induction of immunity by vaccines and interact with receptors, including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Responsiveness of these receptors differs between and within populations, which impacts vaccine effectiveness.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nHere we examine how the innate cytokine response towards TLR ligands differs between high and low socioeconomic status (SES) school-aged children from Makassar, Indonesia.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe stimulated whole blood from children, of which 27 attended a high SES school and 27 children a low SES school, with ligands for TLR-2/1, -2/6, -3, -4, -5, -7, -9 and measured pro- (TNF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines released.\n\n\nRESULTS\nIn the low SES there is an increased pro-inflammatory response after 24 h stimulation with TLR-2/1 ligand Pam3 and TLR-4 ligand LPS compared to the high SES. Comparison of the response to LPS after 24 h versus 72 h stimulation revealed that the pro-inflammatory response in the low SES after 24 h shifts to an anti-inflammatory response, whereas in the high SES the initial anti-inflammatory response shifts to a strong pro-inflammatory response after 72 h stimulation.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nWe observed differences in the TLR-mediated innate immune response between children attending low and high SES schools, which can have important implications for vaccine development.