Pre-school attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: 12 weeks prospective study.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION\nExtant literature lack studies on behavioural training or pharmacotherapy in Indian preschool children. With adverse long term outcomes, effective, safe and affordable early interventions for ADHD are a priority. Aim of this prospective study is to report on short term outcome of preschool ADHD with specific focus on safety and tolerability of medications.\n\n\nMETHODS\nChildren with ADHD aged 2.5-6 years were assessed for severity and adverse events at baseline and follow-up using Conner s abbreviated rating scale and Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale. Children with Autism spectrum disorder and those with social quotient less than 50 were excluded. Statistical Analysis included descriptive statistics and Repeated measures ANOVA.\n\n\nRESULTS\nOf 56 children recruited, 33.93 %(N = 19) were on behavioural interventions alone, 66.07 %(N = 37) were on a combination of medication and behavioural intervention. All children received treatment according to standard care. The most prescribed drug was clonidine (44.64%), then risperidone (28.7%), methylphenidate (10.7%) and atomoxetine (10.7%). Medication choice was determined by affordability, availability and comorbidity profile. Sedation occurred in 24 % of children on clonidine. Atomoxetine was not well tolerated in 2 children. Methylphenidate was well tolerated. Irrespective of medication choice, all children showed significant improvement at 12 weeks (p < 0.001).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nChoice of interventions is largely determined by availability and affordability. There is a need for structured parent behavioural training program deliverable in low resource setting. Anti-ADHD medications should be made available under the NMHP, RBSK program and all government settings in India, to address over-prescription of antipsychotics in preschool ADHD.