Effects of edible treats containing Ascophyllum nodosum on canine oral health

Abstract

Background Periodontal diseases, which are the most common oral diseases in both humans and dogs, result in inflammatory destruction of periodontal ligaments and alveolar bone. Numerous factors contribute to the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in dogs. A higher susceptibility to naturally occurring periodontal disease has been observed in small-breed dogs. Many animals affected by periodontal disease exhibit alterations in their vital organs. Periodontal disease pathogenesis initiates via the formation of bacterial plaque which, following mineralization, becomes calculus. Subsequently, the unique inflammatory responses of host immune systems to the plaque determine the progress of periodontal disease. The rough surface of calculus becomes a substrate for further plaque accumulation, and dental deposits enlarge significantly over time. This process is the main cause of periodontal disease in dogs. This condition also results in significant changes in the oral microbiome composition. Strategies for the prevention of periodontal disease are based on the control of plaque and calculus formation. Such control is established by the combined efforts of veterinarians and pet owners, who must consider what is feasible for specific pets and achievable by the owner.