Cadmium exposure and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) levels in non-smoking older adults.

Abstract

BACKGROUND\nCadmium (Cd) exposure is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, understanding the effects of Cd at the cellular level remains incomplete. Since growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a cytokine produced in many cell types in response to tissue injury and inflammation that may capture several pathways between Cd and CVD, this study examined the relationship between blood Cd levels and serum GDF-15 concentrations in community-dwelling older adults.\n\n\nMETHODS\nCd and GDF-15 were measured in 1942 non-smoking individuals aged 65+ with no previous history of CVD. The association of Cd with GDF-15 was evaluated in linear regression models that adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle and biological risk factors, inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, C-reactive protein and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio), and markers of vascular damage (NTproBNP and cTnT-hs).\n\n\nRESULTS\nGeometric mean Cd exposure was 0.11 μg/L (0.09 in never- and 0.15 in former-smokers) and geometric mean GDF-15 was 1186.21\u202fpg/mL (1182.67 in never- and 1191.66 in former-smokers). In multivariable analyses, we found a dose-response association between Cd levels and GDF-15: adjusted mean percentage differences in GDF-15 (95% confidence interval) per 2-fold increase in Cd concentrations in the overall non-smoking population and in never smokers were, respectively, 2.54% (1.01, 4.06) and 2.50% (0.47, 4.54). In spline regression, the dose-response relationship was progressive over the range of Cd concentrations with no significant departures from linearity.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nCd exposure may be related to enhanced GDF-15 expression. Future studies with repeated GDF-15 measurements should confirm the present findings to better understand the biological mechanisms underlying this association.