A critical analysis of J.C. Smuts’ theory of holism

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Due to the lack of a clear definition, the word holism has become a vague and unexplicit concept open to uncertain interpretations. In view of the increasing interest in holistic medicine and healthcare solutions, as well as the frequent labelling of non-reductive research models as holistic, a more specific definition of holism is essential to provide a structured foundation of the concept. Methods In order to reach a more explicit definition of the word holism, an integrative literature review methodology was utilised to critically analyse J.C. Smuts original theory of holism as presented in his book ‘Holism and Evolution’. Results The results point to a diverted theory with one part presenting an advanced view of the physicality of reality, while the second part lacks a logical foundation. Conclusion In line with current biological systems theories and neurological research, a new definition of holism is suggested, taking into consideration the element of evolution through a mainly intrinsic process, with an emphasis on individual abilities of self-maintenance and resilience towards the impact of psychosocial stressors.