Kinematic synergies in over-ground slip recovery outcomes: Distinct strategies or a single strategy?

Abstract

BACKGROUND\nAfter experiencing an unexpected slip perturbation, individuals behavioral performance can be classified into three categories: recovery, feet-forward fall, and split fall. Researchers are uncertain whether these differences in slip outcomes are due to distinct strategies or part of a single strategy.\n\n\nRESEARCH QUESTION\nWhether older adults with different behavioral outcomes during their novel slip have different kinematic synergies?\n\n\nMETHODS\nThe kinematic synergies were extracted from segment angles in 87 participants using principal component analysis (PCA). The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) in pre-slip, early-reactive, and late-reactive phases were compared across different slip outcomes.\n\n\nRESULTS\nResults showed that the kinematic synergies in pre-slip and early-reactive phases are highly consistent among the three outcomes (recovery, split fall, and feet-forward fall). For the late-reactive phase, both split falls and feet-forward falls showed different kinematics synergies from recoveries.\n\n\nSIGNIFICANCE\nOur findings indicated that a single strategy might be used for different slip outcomes in the pre-slip and early-reactive phases, while distinct strategies were used by fallers compared to recovered individuals. Specifically, larger trunk flexion in pre-slip phase, larger knee flexion and plantar flexion of the slipping limb in both early-reactive and late-reactive phase, and larger knee extension of the recovery limb in late-reactive phase would lower the fall risk. This study would help to assess the vulnerabilities in control strategy, according to which individualized treatment could be provided to reduce predisposition to specific types of falls.