The Dual Effect of the HDAC Inhibitor Romidepsin on Androgen Receptor Signaling and DNA Damage Repair in Prostate Cancer.

Abstract

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)\nAberrant epigenetic modifications play an important role in prostate cancer development and progression. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a novel class of small-molecular compounds that have been shown to have activity in several tumor types. Some HDACi s induce a stress response that affects DNA damage repair (radiosensitization) and androgen receptor (AR) signaling (increased sensitivity to androgen blockage). We hypothesized that the HDACi, romidepsin, would increase prostate cancer cell killing through dual effects on AR signaling and radiation DNA damage response.\n\n\nMATERIALS/METHODS\nThe prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP (androgen sensitive) and 22Rv1 (androgen insensitive) were treated with romidepsin (10 nM) plus or minus 2 Gy radiation. The added effect of enzalutamide (10 mM) was also tested. Cell viability was performed by Real-time Cell assay (RTCA), whole-transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing, western blot analyses, immunofluorescent quantification of γ-H2AX double strand break foci, and colonogenic survival. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of (i) AR signaling pathway proteins that included wild-type AR and its AR-V7 splice variant and (ii) DNA repair genes that included Rad51, DNA-PK and γ-H2AX.\n\n\nRESULTS\nRomidepsin reduced cell viability by RTCA of both cell lines in a dose dependent manner. The addition of enzalutamide further reduced cell viability and clonogenic survival. Gene ontology analysis from RNA-Seq data in both LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells revealed that romidepsin suppressed pathways related to prostate cancer aggressiveness including the AR, MYC, DNA damage response, and cell cycle progression pathways. By western blot analysis, romidepsin suppressed AR (LNCaP) and AR-V7 (22Rv1) expression and reduced DNA repair genes including RAD51, DNA-PK and phospho-ATM levels. After 2 Gy radiation, we found that treatment with 10nM romidepsin for 24 hours resulted in an increase in γ-H2AX foci in 35.2% in LNCaP and 27% in 22Rv1 cells respectively. By colonogenic assay, 10 nM romidepsin for 24 hours prior to 2 Gy to 8 Gy radiation resulted in a significant reduction in the surviving fractions. The addition of enzalutamide resulted in the greatest reduction in colonogenic survival.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nOur study demonstrated for the first time that HDACi romidepsin exerted dual effects on AR signaling and DNA damage response genes in androgen sensitive and insensitive prostate cancer cell lines, and that there is an added suppressive effect with the addition of enzalutamide to HDAC inhibition plus radiation. The use of HDACi s have promise clinically for the treatment of high-risk prostate cancer, for which androgen deprivation plus radiotherapy are the standard treatments.