Patterns and reasons for kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use among current and former opioid poly-drug users.

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE\nKratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a native medicinal plant of Southeast Asia widely reported to be used to reduce opioid dependence and mitigate withdrawal symptoms. There is also evidence to suggest that opioid poly-drug users were using kratom to abstain from opioids.\n\n\nAIM OF THE STUDY\nTo determine the patterns and reasons for kratom use among current and former opioid poly-drug users in Malaysia.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nA total of 204 opioid poly-drug users (142 current users vs. 62 former users) with current kratom use history were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. A validated UPLC-MS/MS method was used to evaluate the alkaloid content of a kratom street sample.\n\n\nRESULTS\nResults from Chi-square analysis showed that there were no significant differences in demographic characteristics between current and former opioid poly-drug users except with respect to marital status. Current users had higher odds of being single (OR: 2.2: 95%CI: 1.21-4.11; p\u202f<\u202f0.009). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the duration (OR: 1.1: 0.62-2.03; p\u202f<\u202f0.708), daily quantity (OR: 1.5: 0.85-2.82; p\u202f<\u202f0.154) or frequency of kratom use between current and former opioid poly-drug users (OR: 1.1: 0.62-2.06; p\u202f<\u202f0.680). While both current and former opioid users reported using kratom to ameliorate opioid withdrawal, current users had significantly higher likelihood of using kratom for that purpose (OR: 5.4: 95%CI: 2.81-10.18; p\u202f<\u202f0.0001). In contrast, former opioid users were more likely to be using kratom for its euphoric (mood elevating) effects (OR: 1.9: 95%CI: 1.04-3.50; p\u202f<\u202f0.035). Results from the UPLC-MS/MS analysis indicated the major alkaloids present in the representative kratom street sample (of approximately 300\u202fmL of brewed kratom) were mitragynine, followed by paynantheine, speciociliatine and speciogynine, as well as low levels of 7-hydroxymitragynine.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nBoth current and former opioid poly-drug users regularly used kratom (three glasses or about 900\u202fmL daily or the equivalent of 170.19\u202fmg of mitragynine) to overcome opioid poly-drug use problems.