Study on the experimental verification and regulatory mechanism of Rougui-Ganjiang herb-pair for the actions of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue based on network pharmacology.

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE\nCinnamomum cassia Presl (Rougui) has character of xin、gan、wen, belongs to Jing of heart、lung、bladder, and has the effect of dispersing cold and relieving pain. It is widely used to resolve the exterior and dissipate cold in Treatise on Febrile Diseases (Shang Han Lun), such as Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Tang and Guizhi Renshen Tang. Both these two prescriptions contain Cinnamomum cassia Presl and Zingiber officinale Rosc (Ganjiang). Rougui-Ganjiang herb-pair (RGHP) can warm viscera and remove cold, which is widely used in Shang Han Lun. And in modern times, recent studies have showed that cinnamon and ginger also have the effect of thermogenesis and regulating the body temperature, respectively.\n\n\nAIM OF THE STUDY\nTo maintain the body thermal homeostasis and prevent cold invasion of main organs, in this study, we assessed the underlying physiological changes induced by RGHP in mice exposed to -20\u202f°C and explored the mechanisms for the thermogenic actions of RGHP in brown adipose tissue (BAT) by network pharmacology and molecular docking.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nMale Kunming (KM) mice were fed normal diet with orally administration of distilled water or ethanol RGHP extract (three doses: 375,750 and 1500\u202fmg/kg) for 21 days, once per day and then exposed to -20\u202f°C for 2\u202fh. The core temperature, activity ability and the degree of frostbite in mice, morphological and ATP content of adipocytes were measured. In addition, the network pharmacology was employed to predict the targets of RGHP s thermogenesis effect on BAT. Pathway analysis and biological process with key genes was carried out through KEGG and GO analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the core ingredients and targets obtained by network pharmacology were verified by molecular docking and Western blot assays.\n\n\nRESULTS\nRGHP can significantly increase the core body temperature, reduce the degree of frostbite and enhance the activity ability of mice after cold exposure. Meanwhile, it can also improve the lipid morphology and decrease ATP production in BAT. A network pharmacology-based analysis identified 246 ingredients from RGHP (two herbs), which related to 222 target genes. There were 8 common genes between 222 compounds target genes and 62 thermogenesis associated target genes, which linked to 49 potential compounds. There are 24 ingredients which degree are greater than the average. Among them, we found that oleic acid, EIC, 6-gingerol, eugenol, isohomogenol and sitogluside could be detected in mice plasma. The cAMP-PPAR signaling pathway was enriched for thermogenesis after KEGG analysis with 8 genes. Molecular docking analysis and Western blot assay further confirmed that oleic acid, 6-gingerol, eugenol and isohomogenol were potential active ingredients for RGHP s heat production effect. And UCP1, PGC-1α, PPARα and PPARγ are key thermogenesis proteins.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nRGHP treatment can significantly maintain the rectal temperature of mice by enhancing the BAT heat production. RGHP exhibited the heat production effect, which might be mainly attributed to increasing thermogenesis through the cAMP-PPAR signaling pathway in cold exposure mice. Oleic acid, 6-gingerol, eugenol and isohomogenol might be considered the potential therapeutic ingredients which affect the key targets of thermogenesis effect.