Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski-derived kaurenoic acid prevents ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice: Effect on Th2 cytokines, STAT6/GATA-3 signaling, NFκB/Nrf2 redox sensitive pathways, and regulatory T cell phenotype markers.

Abstract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE\nSphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski is used in traditional medicine in Brazil for inflammatory diseases treatment including asthma. The diterpene kaurenoic acid (KA) is one of its active compounds, but whether KA activity could explain the traditional use of S. trilobata in asthma is unknown.\n\n\nAIM\nInvestigate KA effect and mechanisms in asthma.\n\n\nMETHODS\nExperimental asthma was induced by ovalbumin immunization and challenge in male Swiss mice. KA (0.1-10\u202fmg/kg, gavage) was administered 1\u202fh before the ovalbumin challenge. Total leukocytes, eosinophil, and mast cell were counted in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung histopathology was performed. Lung mRNA expression of Th2 and regulatory T cells markers, and BALF type 2 cytokine production were quantitated. NFκB activation and oxidative stress-related components in pulmonary tissue were measured.\n\n\nRESULTS\nKA inhibited the migration of total leukocytes and eosinophils to BALF, reduced lung histopathology (inflammatory cells and mast cells), mRNA expression of IL-33/ST2, STAT6/GATA-3 and NFκB activation in the lung, and reduced IL-33, IL-4, IL-5 production in the BALF. KA also reduced the mRNA expression of iNOS and gp91phox, and superoxide anion production accompanied by the induction of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 mRNA expression, thus, exerting an antioxidant effect. Finally, KA induced nTreg-like and Tr1-like, but not Th3-like markers of suppressive T cell phenotypes in the lung tissue.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nKA prevents antigen-induced asthma by down-regulating Th2 and NFκB/cytokine-related pathways, and up-regulating Nrf2 and regulatory T cells markers. Thus, explaining the ethnopharmacological use of S. trilobata for the treatment of lung inflammatory diseases.