Untargeted GC/MS-based approach for identification of anti-inflammatory alkaloids from Hippeastrum elegans (Amaryllidaceae) using a human neutrophil model.

Abstract

Hippeastrum elegans is an Amaryllidaceae species producing alkaloids with pharmaceutical potential including lycorine and galanthamine. Herein, we developed a non-targeted metabolomic study associated to chemometrics and biological evaluations to identify the H. elegans constituents that were able to reduce the human neutrophils proinflammatory mechanisms. The alkaloid fractions were extracted from bulbs cultivated for 15\u202fmonths (m) and harvested in six harvest periods (5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15\u202fm). The GC-MS analysis allowed the detection of 41 alkaloids being 31 identified. All alkaloid components varied over the cultivation and most of them were lycorine-type skeletons. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) distinguished three groups according to the chemical profile (group I: 5, 7, and 9\u202fm; group II: 11\u202fm and group III: 13 and 15\u202fm). Therefore, the biological assays were only performed with one of the representative samples of each group: 7\u202fm, 11\u202fm and 15\u202fm. None of them was toxic to human neutrophils by LDH activity and MTT test. The 7\u202fm and 15\u202fm-alkaloid fractions showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing human neutrophil degranulation. However, the former one was more effective in inhibiting the cell activation based on the reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Afterwards, Partial Least Squares analysis (PLS) indicated lycorine and 11,12-dehydro-2-methoxy-assoanine as the compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of the bioactive fraction. Thus, the 7\u202fm-alkaloid fraction of H. elegans seems to be a promising anti-inflammatory drug that deserves additional research.