Intrauterine growth restriction leads to a high-corticosterone producing offspring: An implication for pulmonary infection susceptibility.

Abstract

AIMS\nAlthough intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs immune system homeostasis and lung development, its relationship with the susceptibility to pulmonary infections remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impact of IUGR on acute lung inflammatory response induced by bacterial stimulus.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nPregnant female Wistar rats were subjected to 50% caloric-protein food restriction during gestation. To mimic bacterial lung infection, adult male offspring (12\u202fweeks old) were challenged with a single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intranasal instillation, and 6\u202fh later, we assessed the acute inflammatory response. Normal birth weight (NBW) animals represent the control group.\n\n\nKEY FINDINGS\nLPS instillation increased the protein levels in the airways of both the NBW and low birth weight (LBW) groups, indicating vascular leakage. LBW animals exhibited a lower number of neutrophils, reduced production of interleukin-6 and macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 and decreased upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene expression in lung tissues. Further analysis revealed that the LBW group produced lower levels of prostaglandin-E2 and failed to secrete leukotriene-B4 upon LPS stimulation, which correlated with impaired cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase expression. These results were probably associated with their inability to upregulate the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and downstream signaling proteins, such as nuclear factor kappa-B, in the lungs. The LBW group also exhibited abnormal airway thickening and high corticosterone levels under basal conditions.\n\n\nSIGNIFICANCE\nThis study suggests that IUGR-induced foetal programming in LBW offspring threatens HPA axis physiology and corticosterone biodisponibility, and impairs the innate response to bacterial antigens, increasing future susceptibility to pulmonary infection.