Multimodal Analgesia Decreases Postoperative Opioid Consumption in Living Liver Donation

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the effects of multimodal analgesia on postoperative opioid consumption and perioperative pain management in patients undergoing living liver donation. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of 129 patients who underwent living liver donation between 2006 and 2015. Patients were separated into 2 cohorts, pre–multimodal analgesia and multimodal analgesia, to allow intergroup analysis. All patients received an intrathecal opioid injection and underwent donor hepatectomy. Primary outcome data compared opioid consumption in oral morphine equivalents for postoperative days (PODs) 0 to 4 between the cohorts. Secondary outcomes compared yearly averaged cumulative opioid consumption on PODs 0 to 4 in oral morphine equivalents; yearly averaged numeric rating scale pain scores; hospital length of stay; and percentage of patients receiving intravenous ketorolac, ketamine, or transversus abdominis plane blocks. Results For PODs 0 to 4, a 50% reduction in overall opioids administered postoperatively (359 mg vs 179 mg; P<.01) was observed in the multimodal analgesia cohort, whereas no significant difference was found in year-to-year average postoperative pain scores (4.5 vs 3.6). The proportion of patients receiving ketorolac increased to more than 90% by 2013. More than 40% of all patients in the multimodal analgesia group received a perioperative regimen of acetaminophen, gabapentin, ketamine, and transverse abdominal plane blocks (0% in pre–multimodal analgesia). Mean hospital length of stay was reduced from 7.7 to 6.6 days (P<.01). Conclusion Implementation of multimodal analgesia to manage perioperative pain in living liver donation resulted in a 50% reduction of postoperative opioid consumption. Clinically satisfactory average pain scores were maintained for PODs 0 to 4.