A deconvolution algorithm for multi-echo functional MRI: Multi-echo Sparse Paradigm Free Mapping

Abstract

This work introduces a novel algorithm for deconvolution of the BOLD signal in multi-echo fMRI data: Multi-echo Sparse Paradigm Free Mapping (ME-SPFM). Assuming a linear dependence of the BOLD percent signal change on the echo time (TE) and using sparsity-promoting regularized least squares estimation, ME-SPFM yields voxelwise time-varying estimates of the changes in the apparent transverse relaxation (ΔR2∗) without prior knowledge of the timings of individual BOLD events. Our results in multi-echo fMRI data collected during a multi-task event-related paradigm at 3 Tesla demonstrate that the maps of R2∗ changes obtained with ME-SPFM at the times of the stimulus trials show high spatial and temporal concordance with the activation maps and BOLD signals obtained with standard model-based analysis. This method yields estimates of ΔR2∗ having physiologically plausible values. Owing to its ability to blindly detect events, ME-SPFM also enables us to map ΔR2∗ associated with spontaneous, transient BOLD responses occurring between trials. This framework is a step towards deciphering the dynamic nature of brain activity in naturalistic paradigms, resting-state or experimental paradigms with unknown timing of the BOLD events.