Autophagy inhibition plays a protective role against 3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced loss of serotonin transporters and depressive‐like behaviors in rats

Abstract

Graphical abstract Figure. No Caption available. Abstract The 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular recreational drug, which ultimately leads to serotonergic (5‐HT) neurotoxicity and psychiatric disorders. Previous in vitro studies have consistently demonstrated that MDMA provokes autophagic activation, as well as damage of 5‐HT axons and nerve fibers. So far, whether autophagy, a well‐conserved cellular process that is critical for cell fate, also participates in MDMA‐induced neurotoxicity in vivo remains elusive. Here, we first examined time‐course of autophagy‐related changes during repeated administration of MDMA (10 mg/kg s.c. twice daily for 4 consecutive days) using immunofluorescent staining for tryptophan hydroxylase and microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta in rats. We also evaluated the protective effects of 3‐methyadanine (3‐MA, an autophagy inhibitor, 15 mg/kg i.p.) against MDMA‐induced acute and long‐term reductions in serotonin transporters (SERT) density in various brain regions using immunohistochemical staining and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging respectively. Plasma corticosterone measurements and forced swim tests were performed to evaluate the depressive performance. The staining results showed that repeated administration of MDMA increased expression of autophagosome and caused reduction in SERT densities of striatum and frontal cortex, which was ameliorated in the presence of 3‐MA. PET imaging data also revealed that 3‐MA could ameliorate MDMA‐induced long‐term decreased SERT availability in various brain regions of rats. Furthermore, immobility time of forced swim tests and plasma corticosterone levels were less in the group of MDMA co‐injected with 3‐MA compared with that of MDMA group. Together, these findings suggest that autophagy inhibition may confer protection against neurobiological and behavioral changes induced by MDMA.