Direct effects of antipsychotic drugs on insulin, energy sensing and inflammatory pathways in hypothalamic mouse neurons

Abstract

INTRODUCTION\nSecond-generation antipsychotics cause serious metabolic side effects, but the mechanisms behind these effects remain largely unknown. However, emerging evidence supports that antipsychotics may act upon the hypothalamus, the primary brain region understood to regulate energy homeostasis. We have recently reported that the antipsychotics olanzapine, clozapine, and aripiprazole can directly act on hypothalamic rat neurons (rHypoE-19) to impair insulin, energy sensing, and modulate inflammatory pathways. In the current paper, we sought to replicate these findings to a mouse neuronal model.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThe mouse hypothalamic neuronal cell line, mHypoE-46, was treated with olanzapine, clozapine, or aripiprazole. Western blots were used to measure the energy sensing protein AMPK, components of the insulin signalling pathway (AKT, GSK3β), and components of the MAPK pathway (ERK1/2, JNK, p38), the latter linked to inflammation. RT-qPCR was used to measure mRNA expression of the inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-10, and BDNF, well as putative receptors in the mHypoE-46 (current) and the rHypoE-19 (previously studied) cell lines.\n\n\nRESULTS\nIn the mHypoE-46 neurons, olanzapine and aripiprazole increased AMPK phosphorylation, while clozapine and aripiprazole inhibited insulin-induced phosphorylation of AKT. Clozapine increased JNK and aripiprazole decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Olanzapine also decreased IL-6 mRNA expression, while olanzapine and clozapine increased IL-10 mRNA expression. The rHypoE-19 neurons expressed the H1, 5\u202fH\u202fT2A, and M3 receptors, while the mHypoE-46 neurons expressed the 5\u202fH\u202fT2A, D2, and M3 receptors. Neither cell line expressed the 5\u202fH\u202fT2C receptor.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nSimilar to observed effects of these agents in rat neurons, induction of AMPK by aripiprazole and olanzapine suggests impaired energy sensing, while suppression of insulin-induced pAKT by clozapine and aripiprazole suggests impaired insulin signalling, seen across both rodent derived hypothalamic cell lines. Conversely, olanzapine-induced suppression of pro-inflammatory IL-6, alongside olanzapine and clozapine-induced IL-10, demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects, which do not corroborate with our prior observations in the rat neuronal line. The different findings between cell lines could be explained by differential expression of neurotransmitters receptors and/or reflect genetic heterogeneity across the rat and mouse lines. However, overall, our findings support direct effects of antipsychotics to impact insulin, energy sensing, and inflammatory pathways in hypothalamic rodent neurons.