Executive functions in children with heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract

CONTEXT\nPeople with CHD are at increased risk for executive functioning deficits. Meta-analyses of these measures in CHD patients compared to healthy controls have not been reported.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nTo examine differences in executive functions in individuals with CHD compared to healthy controls.\n\n\nDATA SOURCES\nWe performed a systematic review of publications from 1 January, 1986 to 15 June, 2020 indexed in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library.\n\n\nSTUDY SELECTION\nInclusion criteria were (1) studies containing at least one executive function measure; (2) participants were over the age of three.\n\n\nDATA EXTRACTION\nData extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors. We used a shifting unit-of-analysis approach and pooled data using a random effects model.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe search yielded 61,217 results. Twenty-eight studies met criteria. A total of 7789 people with CHD were compared with 8187 healthy controls. We found the following standardised mean differences: -0.628 (-0.726, -0.531) for cognitive flexibility and set shifting, -0.469 (-0.606, -0.333) for inhibition, -0.369 (-0.466, -0.273) for working memory, -0.334 (-0.546, -0.121) for planning/problem solving, -0.361 (-0.576, -0.147) for summary measures, and -0.444 (-0.614, -0.274) for reporter-based measures (p < 0.001).\n\n\nLIMITATIONS\nOur analysis consisted of cross-sectional and observational studies. We could not quantify the effect of collinearity.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nIndividuals with CHD appear to have at least moderate deficits in executive functions. Given the growing population of people with CHD, more attention should be devoted to identifying executive dysfunction in this vulnerable group.