Toward Green Production of Water-Stable Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on High-Valence Metals with Low Toxicities

Abstract

Green production of metal–organic framework (MOF) materials is highly desirable as they hold great promise in diverse applications that outperform the current benchmark materials. Encouraging progress in producing MOFs at large-scale has been advanced considerably during the past decade. However, a major challenge remains: green production of green MOFs. In this review, we have summarized the state-of-the-art green, scalable syntheses of water-stable MOFs based on high-valence metal ions with low toxicities and high natural abundances. Promising candidates for the future use of each metal ion are also presented as well as an overview of how to assist and accelerate the commercialization of the most promising MOFs.