Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of 4-Methylaminoquinoline Compounds against Drug-Resistant Parasite

Abstract

A series of novel 4-aminoquinoline analogues bearing a methyl group at 4-aminoquinoline moiety were synthesized via a new and robust synthetic route comprising in situtert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) deprotection–methylation cascade resulting in the corresponding N-methylated secondary amine using Red-Al and an efficient microwave-assisted strategy for the fusion of N-methylated secondary amine with 4-chloroquinoline nucleus to access the series of novel 4-N-methylaminoquinoline analogues. The new series of compounds were evaluated for their antimalarial activity in in vitro and in vivo models. Among 21 tested compounds, 9a–i have shown a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value less than 0.5 μM (i.e., <500 nM) against both chloroquine-sensitive strain 3D7 and chloroquine-resistant strain K1 of Plasmodium falciparum with acceptable cytotoxicity. Based on the in vitro antimalarial activity, selected compounds were screened for their in vivo antimalarial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (a multidrug-resistant) parasite in Swiss mice. Most of the compounds have shown significant inhibition on day 4 post infection at the oral dose of 100 mg/kg. Compound 9a has shown 100% parasite inhibition on day 4, and out of five treated mice, two were cured till the end of the experiment. The present study suggests that 4-methylamino substitution is well tolerated for the antiplasmodial activity with reduced toxicity and therefore will be highly useful for the discovery of a new antimalarial agent against drug-resistant malaria.