Influence of Race on the Effect of Premature Birth on Salivary Cortisol Response to Stress in Adolescents

Abstract

Background Adolescents born preterm have altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function with a blunted cortisol stress response, however, the influences of intrauterine growth restriction and race are unclear. Methods We measured salivary cortisol before and 20\u2009min after a maximal-exercise stress test and calculated the cortisol stress response. We used linear regression to compare cortisol stress responses between preterm and term groups, adjusting for birth weight z -score and maternal hypertension, and examined effect modification by race and sex. Results We evaluated 171 adolescents born preterm with very low birth weight and 50 born term. Adolescents born preterm had reduced cortisol stress response compared to term (0.03 vs. 0.08\u2009μg/dL, p \u2009=\u20090.04). This difference was race dependent: non-Black adolescents born preterm had significantly reduced cortisol stress response compared to those born at term (adjusted β : −0.74; 95% CI −1.34,\u2009−0.15), while there was no difference in Black adolescents (0.53; −0.16,\u20091.22). Sex did not modify the relationship. Conclusions Adolescents born preterm exhibit a reduced salivary cortisol response to exercise stress, suggesting long-term alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This relationship was evident in non-Black but not in Black adolescents, suggesting that race may modify the influence of preterm birth on stress alterations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.