Novel connections and precision approaches

Abstract

Research in mucosal immunology has continued to generate exciting advances in cellular and molecular biology and to pave the way for a better understanding of human health and disease. In 2018, numerous groups defined bidirectional circuits of communication between the mucosal immune system, non-haematopoietic cell types and microbial communities, while also developing precision approaches to define and manipulate host–microbiota interactions in the gut.Recent research in mucosal immunology has uncovered novel lines of communication between the mucosal immune system and other cellular and metabolic pathways. Given the complexity of these networks, new precision approaches are being developed to dissect the contribution of specific pathways or selected microorganisms.Key advancesResident neuronal, chemosensory and neuroendocrine cells can sense microbial metabolites and regulate type 2 mucosal immunity and inflammation.Microbiota-derived metabolites dynamically influence host metabolism and immunity, both locally in the intestine and systemically.Host immune responses facilitate clearance of certain microorganisms or enhance colonization by other mucosal-associated microorganisms.Precision approaches to translate genes-to-function or selectively manipulate the microbiota are paving the way for a better understanding of, as well as novel therapies for, human disease.