Sequence subtyping of Trichomonas gallinae from Bonelli’s eagle (Aquila fasciata) during four years (2014–2017) reveals that MLS type is associated with lesions

Abstract

ABSTRACT Avian trichomonosis is a parasitic disease that affects wild birds. The objective of this work was to determine the importance of avian trichomonosis in Bonelli’s eagles to improve conservation measures in this population. One hundred and eighty-eight birds were studied: 181 chicks, two juveniles, one subadult and four adults. The birds were externally examined and gross lesions at the oropharynx registered. Samples from the oropharyngeal cavity were obtained for Trichomonas spp. detection by culture and PCR, and positive samples were subjected to a multilocus sequence typing approach, including the ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 region (ITS), ribosomal RNA small subunit (18S) and Fe-hydrogenase gene (FeHyd). Global prevalence of T. gallinae infection was 37.8% in total, 45.5% in nestlings. Thirty-three percent of the birds developed lesions that ranged from mild (n\u2009=\u200941) to moderate (n\u2009=\u200914) or severe (n\u2009=\u20097). Multilocus sequence typing analysis showed five different MLS types, ITS-A/18S-VI/FeHyd-A1 and ITS-D/18S-II/Fe-C4 being the most frequent. An association between ITS-A/18S-VI/FeHyd-A1 and moderate or severe lesions was observed, but birds with type ITS-A/18S-VI/FeHyd-A2 also developed lesions. On the contrary, birds with MLS type ITS-D/18S-II/FeHyd-C4 displayed only a low proportion of mild lesions. Chicks raised in nests were at higher risk for T. gallinae infection and development of lesions than chicks raised in captivity. Discordances between samples cultured in TYM and samples subjected to PCR from oropharyngeal swabs were observed, swab-ITS-PCR being more sensitive. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 45.5% of Bonelli’s eagles in the nest carried T. gallinae and 39.4% showed lesions. PCR from oral swabs showed higher sensitivity than culture in TYM for detection of T. gallinae. MLS types ITS-A/18S-VI/Fe-A1 (and A2) are a risk factor for the development of lesions.