Approaches for testing noninferiority in two-arm trials for risk ratio and odds ratio

Abstract

ABSTRACT For an existing established drug regimen, active control trials are defacto standard due to ethical reason as well as for clinical equipoise. However, when superiority claim of a new drug against the active control is unlikely to be successful, researchers often address the issue in terms of noninferiority (NI), provided the experimental drug demonstrates the evidence of other benefits beyond efficacy. Such trials aim to demonstrate that an experimental treatment is non-inferior to an existing comparator by not more than a pre-specified margin. The issue of choosing such a margin is complex. In this article, two-arm NI trials with binary outcomes are considered when margin is defined in terms of relative risk or odds ratio. A Frequentist test based on proposed NI margin is developed first. Since two-arm NI trials without placebo arm are dependent upon historical information, in order to make accurate and meaningful interpretation of their results, a Bayesian approach is developed next. Bayesian approach is flexible to incorporate the available information from the historical trial. The operating characteristics of the proposed methods are studied in terms of power and sample size for varying design factors. A clinical trial data is reanalyzed to study the properties of the proposed approach.