Archive | 2021
An Exogenous Ketone Ester Modulates Appetite but Not Dietary Intake
Abstract
\n \n \n Previous research suggests exogenous ketone esters (KE) suppress appetite by directly modulating regulatory hormones; however, their impact upon eating behaviors is unknown. The authors aimed to determine if the diminished appetite resulting from KE consumption is accompanied by a reduction in dietary intake.\n \n \n \n After informed consent participants (n\xa0=\xa07) were recruited to a randomized cross-over trial. Participants recorded their diet for three consecutive days, starting the day prior to their first study appointment. During this visit, fasted participants were randomized to consume either a KE or matched dextrose placebo (DP) beverage. Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals and analyzed for β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, leptin and ghrelin. Appetite was self-reported using a visual analogue scale (VAS). One-week later participants were invited to a second visit where the study was repeated using the other beverage. Dietary data was analyzed using MyFood24 and statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS (v.26).\n \n \n \n BHB increased 30 minutes after consuming the KE (0.21\xa0±\xa00.20 to 4.21\xa0±\xa00.66\xa0mmol/L) (P <\xa00.001) and remained elevated. Blood glucose increased 30 minutes after consuming the DP (4.87\xa0±\xa00.42 to 8.11\xa0±\xa01.41\xa0mmol/L) (P <\xa00.001) and promptly returned to baseline. Although there were no changes in leptin levels, those who consumed the KE demonstrated suppressed ghrelin production 120 minutes after baseline (2430.00\xa0±\xa0323.46 to 1763.14\xa0±\xa0367.67 pg/mL) (P\xa0=\xa00.026). Furthermore, the VAS also revealed that 120 minutes after baseline participants who consumed the DP reported a greater desire to eat (+26.86\xa0±\xa023.55\xa0mm) (P\xa0=\xa00.038) and were less satisfied (−30.43\xa0±\xa012.52\xa0mm) (P\xa0=\xa00.003). Despite this, there was no significant differences in the calorie intake of those who consumed the KE compared to the DP on the day before (1941.06\xa0±\xa01048.13\xa0vs 1792.86\xa0±\xa0833.23\xa0kcal), during (1594.64\xa0±\xa0677.07\xa0vs 1536.52\xa0±\xa0457.22\xa0kcal) or after (1674.41\xa0±\xa0801.43\xa0vs 1914.35\xa0±\xa0804.78\xa0kcal) the study visits.\n \n \n \n Consuming a KE, despite impacting upon self-reported measures of appetite and associated biomarkers, does not modulate dietary intake. This should be considered when assessing the potential role of KE for appetite management.\n \n \n \n Liverpool Hope University.\n