Sensitive Derivative Synchronous and Micellar Enhanced Ecofriendly Spectrofluorimetric Methods for the Determination of Atenolol, Diclofenac, and Triclosan in Drinking Tap Water.

Abstract

BACKGROUND\nNowadays, emergence of unexpected contaminants in drinking water is a challenging environmental problem facing humanity.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nTwo eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric methods were proposed for the determination of three unexpected contaminants in drinking tap water.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThe first method is first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric method which was developed for simultaneous determination of atenolol (ATN) and diclofenac (DCF) without prior separation at Δλ\u2009=\u200970\u2009nm and at Δλ\u2009=\u200980\u2009nm for ATN and DCF, respectively. The second method was based on using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as fluorescent enhancer of triclosan (TCS) native fluorescence. TCS exhibits enhanced fluorescence at λ emission = 600\u2009nm upon excitation at λ excitation = 299.4\u2009nm. Solid phase extraction was carried out in both methods.\n\n\nRESULTS\nLinear calibration curves were obtained in concentration range of (4-3000\u2009ng/mL) for ATN and (4-2000\u2009ng/mL) for DCF, by measuring first derivative signal of fluorescence at 300\u2009nm and 375.2\u2009nm, respectively. TCS exhibits linear range (0.1-1\u2009ng/mL) at 600\u2009nm. Mean percentage recoveries were 101.04\u2009±\u20090.571, 99.66\u2009±\u20091.443, and 99.73\u2009±\u20090.566 for ATN, DCF, and TCS, respectively.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nValidation of both methods were performed according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Results obtained were statistically compared with published methods and no significant differences were found. The proposed methods greenness is evaluated using analytical Eco-scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index. A greenness comparison with previously published methods has been performed.\n\n\nHIGHLIGHTS\nBoth methods were found to be eco-friendly and were successfully applied for the determination of the emerging contaminants in drinking tap water.