Association Between Sex and Immune-Related Adverse Events During Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.

Abstract

BACKGROUND\nAccumulated evidence supports the existence of sex-associated differences in immune systems. Understanding the role of sex in immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is important for management of irAE in patients receiving immunotherapy.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe performed meta-analysis on published clinical study data and multivariable logistic regression on pharmacovigilance data and applied a propensity algorithm to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) omics data. We further validated our observations in two independent in-house cohorts of 179 and 767 cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.\n\n\nRESULTS\nA meta-analysis using 13 clinical studies that reported on 1,096 female patients (36.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 35.0%-38.5%) and 1,886 male patients (63.2%, 95% CI\u2009=\u200961.5%-65.0%) demonstrated no statistically significant irAE risk difference between the sexes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.91-1.54; 2-sided P = 0.21). Multivariable logistic regression analysis of 12,225 patients from FAERS and 10,979 patients from VigiBase showed no statistically significant difference in irAEs by sex. A propensity score algorithm used on multi-omics data for 6,019 patients from TCGA found no statistically significant difference by sex for irAE-related factors/pathways. The retrospective analysis of two in-house patient cohorts validated these results (OR\u2009=\u20091.55, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.98-2.47; FDR = 0.13, for cohort 1; OR\u2009=\u20091.16, 95%CI = 0.86-1.57; FDR = 0.39, for cohort 2).\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nWe observed minimal sex-associated differences in irAEs among cancer patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. It may be unnecessary to consider gender effects for irAE management in clinical practice.