H α morphologies of star clusters: a LEGUS study of H ii region evolution time-scales and stochasticity in low-mass clusters

Abstract

The morphology of H II regions around young star clusters provides insight into the time-scales and physical processes that clear a cluster’s natal gas. We study ∼700 young clusters (≤10\u2009Myr) in three nearby spiral galaxies (NGC 7793, NGC 4395, and NGC 1313) using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging from LEGUS (Legacy ExtraGalactic Ultraviolet Survey). Clusters are classified by their H α morphology (concentrated, partially exposed, no-emission) and whether they have neighbouring clusters (which could affect the clearing time-scales). Through visual inspection of the HST images, and analysis of ages, reddenings, and stellar masses from spectral energy distributions fitting, together with the (U− B), (V − I) colours, we find (1) the median ages indicate a progression from concentrated (∼3\u2009Myr), to partially exposed (∼4\u2009Myr), to no H α emission (>5\u2009Myr), consistent with the expected temporal evolution of H II regions and previous results. However, (2) similarities in the age distributions for clusters with concentrated and partially exposed H α morphologies imply a short time-scale for gas clearing (≲1\u2009Myr). Also, (3) our cluster sample’s median mass is ∼1000 M⊙, and a significant fraction (∼20 per cent\u2060) contain one or more bright red sources (presumably supergiants), which can mimic reddening effects. Finally, (4) the median E(B − V) values for clusters with concentrated H α and those without H α emission appear to be more similar than expected (∼0.18 versus ∼0.14, respectively), but when accounting for stochastic effects, clusters without H α emission are less reddened. To mitigate stochastic effects, we experiment with synthesizing more massive clusters by stacking fluxes of clusters within each H α morphological class. Composite isolated clusters also reveal a colour and age progression for H α morphological classes, consistent with analysis of the individual clusters.