Performance Evaluation of Coupling Variants for an Active Middle Ear Implant Actuator: Output, Conductive Losses, and Stability of Coupling With Ambient Pressure Changes

Abstract

Introduction: This study aims to investigate the performance of an active middle ear implant actuator for various coupling configurations. Actuator output and conductive losses were measured, and the stability of coupling was evaluated by challenging the link between actuator and ossicles through pressure events in magnitudes that occur in daily life. Methods: Actuator coupling efficiency and the occurrence of conductive losses were measured in 10 temporal bones through laser Doppler vibrometry on the stapes footplate for various coupling types (incus short process with and without laser hole, incus long process, stapes head). To test the stability of coupling, actuator output was measured before and after daily-life pressure events that were simulated; Valsalva maneuvers (500 cycles of −40 to +60 hPa) and jumping into a swimming pool and diving 3 m deep (a step change of 300 hPa). Results: Actuator output was similarly high for all types of coupling to the incus (short process and long process) and most efficient for coupling to the stapes head. Conductive losses occurred in two temporal bones (TBs) for short process coupling but for seven TBs for coupling to the incus long process. All coupling types were stable and did not lose efficiency after pressure events in the low-frequency range (<1\u200akHz). Losses in output of 13 to 24\u200adB were observed in one TB at frequencies from 3 to 6\u200akHz. Conclusion: Actuator output was similarly high for all types of coupling to the incus but coupling to the incus long process led to a higher occurrence of conductive losses. All three coupling configurations connected the actuator securely to the ossicular chain, under variations of barometric pressure that can be expected in daily life.