The secreted tyrosine kinase VLK is essential for normal platelet activation and thrombus formation

Abstract

Tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular proteins is observed in cell cultures and in vivo, but little is known about the functional roles of tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular proteins. Vertebrate Lonesome Kinase (VLK) is a broadly expressed secretory pathway tyrosine kinase present in platelet ɑ-granules. It is released from platelets upon activation and phosphorylates substrates extracellularly. Its role in platelet function, however, has not been previously studied. In human platelets, we identified phosphorylated tyrosines mapped to luminal or extracellular domains of transmembrane and secreted proteins implicated in the regulation of platelet activation. To determine the role of VLK in extracellular tyrosine phosphorylation and platelet function, we generated mice with a megakaryocyte/platelet-specific deficiency of VLK. Platelets from these mice are normal in abundance and morphology, but have dramatic changes in function both in vitro and in vivo. Resting and thrombin-stimulated VLK-deficient platelets demonstrate a significant decrease of several tyrosine phosphobands. Functional testing of VLK-deficient platelets shows decreased PAR4- and collagen-mediated platelet aggregation, but normal responses to ADP. Dense granule and α-granule release are reduced in these platelets. Furthermore, VLK-deficient platelets exhibit decreased PAR4-mediated Akt (S473) and Erk1/2(T202/Y204) phosphorylation, indicating altered proximal signaling. In vivo, mice lacking VLK in megakaryocytes/platelets demonstrate strongly reduced platelet accumulation and fibrin formation following laser-injury of cremaster arterioles compared to controls. These studies demonstrate that the secretory pathway tyrosine kinase VLK is critical for stimulus-dependent platelet activation and thrombus formation, providing the first evidence that a secreted protein kinase is required for normal platelet function.