Exogenous application of non-mature miRNA-encoded miPEP164c inhibits proanthocyanidin synthesis and stimulates anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry cells

Abstract

Secondary metabolic pathways in grape berries are tightly regulated by an array of molecular mechanisms, including microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. As recently discovered, before being processed into mature miRNAs, the primary transcripts of miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) can encode for small miRNA-encoded peptides (micropeptides - miPEPs) that ultimately led to an accentuated downregulation of the respective miRNA-targeted genes. Although few studies about miPEPs are available, the discovery of miPEPs reveals a new layer of gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level and may present a key advantage in agronomy. Here, we identified a miPEP encoded in non-mature miR164c putatively targeting grapevine’s transcription factor VvMYBPA1 (miPEP164c/miPEP-MYBPA1), a positive regulator of key genes in the proanthocyanidin-biosynthetic pathway, one that competes directly for substrate with the anthocyanin-biosynthetic pathway. Thus, the objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that the exogenous application of miPEP164c (miPEP-MYBPA1) can modulate the secondary metabolism of grape berry cells by inhibiting PA biosynthetic pathway while simultaneously stimulating anthocyanin synthesis. The exogenous application of miPEP164c to suspension-cultured cells from grape berry (cv. Gamay) enhanced the transcription of its corresponding pri-miR164c, thus leading to a more pronounced post-transcriptional silencing of its target VvMYBPA1. This led to a significant inhibition of the proanthocyanidin pathway, mostly via inhibition of leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase enzymatic activities and VvLAR1 downregulation. In parallel, the anthocyanin-biosynthetic route was stimulated. Anthocyanin content was 31 % higher in miPEP164c-treated cells, in agreement with the higher activity of VvUFGT and the corresponding VvUFGT1 transcripts.