Freshwater dissolved oxygen dynamics: changes due to glyphosate, 2,4-D and their mixture, both under clear and turbid-organic conditions

Abstract

We performed two independent outdoor mesocosm experiments where we measured the variation of DO saturation (DO%) in freshwater after a single input of Roundup Max® (G) (glyphosate-based formulation), AsiMax 50® (2,4-D) (2,4-D-based formulation) and their mixture (M). Two concentration levels were tested; 0.3 mg/L G and 0.135 mg/L 2,4-D (Low; L) and 3 mg/L G and 1.35 mg/L 2,4-D (High; H). We assayed consolidated microbial communities coming from a system in organic turbid eutrophic status and a system in clear mesotrophic status during 21 and 23 days, respectively. A sample of phytoplankton (micro+nano, pico-eukaryotes, pico-cyanobacteria), mixotrophic algae and heterotrophic bacteria was collected to determine abundances at each of four sampling dates. The clear and turbid systems showed similar, but not synchronized, patterns of daily DO% changes in relation to the controls (DO%v), after exposure to both single and combined formulations. Under glyphosate scenarios (GL, GH, ML and MH), the two types of systems showed similar DO%v but different microbial abundances, being associated to an increase in the micro+nano and pico-eukaryotic phytoplankton fractions for the clear system. In contrast, in the turbid system changes were associated with increased pico-cyanobacteria and decreased mixotrophic algae. Effects of 2,4-D were only observed in the turbid system, leading to decreased micro+nano phytoplankton abundances. Under the turbid scenario, the herbicide mixture at high concentration had a synergistic effect on DO%v and recovery was not detected by the end of the experiment. Our results revealed that herbicides inputs induced changes in phytoplankton abundances that leads to measurable DO variations.