Non-ambient-temperature powder diffraction

Abstract

Non-ambient-temperature X-ray powder diffraction is a powerful tool for studying in situ the evolution of a specimen and its structural changes. The different elements that are used in a general system setup with non-ambient chambers are reviewed. High- and low-temperature equipment; typically used in a laboratory is discussed and some examples are given to illustrate the possibilities for non-ambient experiments. Advice is given on how to design and perform a non-ambient experiment for slightly and heavily absorbing materials and the corresponding optical pathways.